f‚wgKv: g‡Wj †Kvb Kv‡Ri w`K wb‡`©kbv wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| wkÿv e¨e¯’vi mKj ai‡b g‡W‡ji cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq| wkÿv msµvšÍÍ †ckvq wb‡`©kbv ev wkLb-‡kLv‡bv, cÖkvmb, g~j¨vqb, cwiexÿY BZ¨vw` mKj wel‡q g‡Wj Av‡Q|

 wkÿvµg g‡Wj: wkÿvµg g‡Wj wkÿvµg cÖ‡YZv‡`i mywbw`©ó †Kvb wkLb-‡kLv‡bv I g~j¨vqb Kjv-‡KŠkj c×wZMZfv‡e wba©viY Kivi †hŠw³KZv cÖ`vb K‡i|

 wk¶vµg Dbœq‡bi ZË¡ I g‡Wjmg~n:

 UvBjvi ZË¡ (Ralph W. Tyler)

 wnjWv Zvevi ZË¡ (Hilda Taba)

ûBjvi ZË¡ (D.K. Wheeler)

 wbKjm g‡Wj (Nicholls Model)

‡WKvi IqvKvi g‡Wj (Decker Walker Model)

jUb g‡Wj (Lawton Model)

Rb Kv‡ii g‡Wj (John Kerr Model)

 Gwin wjDB g‡Wj (Arieh Lewy Model)

 BD‡b‡¯‹v g‡Wj (UNESCO Model)

GbwmwUwe g‡Wj (NCTB Model)

Awjfv g‡Wj (Oliva Model)

wkÿvµg Dbœq‡bi ˆiwLK g‡Wj (Linear Model of Curriculum Development):

‰iwLK g‡W‡j wkÿvµg Dbœq‡bi avcmg~n ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ Kg-‡ewk mivmwi µgavivq AMÖmi nq| D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY av‡c ïiæ n‡q g~j¨vqb av‡c †kl nq| wkÿvµg Dbœq‡bi AvšÍ:ms‡hvMg~jK g‡Wj GB ai‡bi g‡Wj¸‡jv wkÿvµg Dbœq‡bi GKwU MwZkxj cÖwµqvi aviYv †`q †hLv‡b †h ‡Kvb Dcv`vb †_‡K wkÿvµg Dbœqb ev cwigvR©‡bi KvR ïiæ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L Ab¨vb¨ av‡ci Dcv`v‡b cwieZ©b/cwigvR©b n‡q _v‡K| avc¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvšÍ:ms‡hvM we`¨gvb _v‡K| wkLbdjwfwËK g‡Wj GKwU cwiKwíZ cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q A‡bK¸‡jv KvVv‡gve× wkLbdj wba©vwiZ nq Ges wkÿv_x©iv Kvh©Z Kx wkL‡Z cv‡i Zv ¸iæZ¡ cvq| wkÿvµg Dbœq‡b ˆiwLK g‡W‡ji D`vniY ivd UvBjv‡ii g‡Wj (Ralf Tyler Model) wkÿvµg Dbœqb g‡Wj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg mycwiwPZ g‡Wj n‡”Q UvBjvi g‡Wj| ivd UvBjvi 1949 mv‡j Zvui MÖš’ Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction- G GB g‡WjwU cÖ`vb K‡ib| GB MÖ‡š’ wkÿvµg Dbœqb cÖm‡½ wZwb PviwU cÖkœ DÌvcb K‡ib:

• we`¨vjq¸‡jvi Kx ai‡bi wkÿvg~jK D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Ki‡Z PvIqv evÃbxq?

• Gme D‡Ïk¨vewj AR©b Kivi Rb¨ Kx ai‡bi wkLb AwfÁZv cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?

• Gme wkLb AwfÁZv Kxfv‡e djcÖm~fv‡e msMwVZ Kiv hvq?

 Gme D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡jv wK bv Zv Avgiv Kxfv‡e wba©viY Ki‡Z cvwi? cÖkœ¸‡jv wkÿvµg Dbœq‡bi PviwU avc‡K wb‡`©k K‡i:

• wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ Kx?

• Kx ai‡bi wkÿvg~jK AwfÁZv D‡Ïk¨vewjAR©b Ki‡e?

• Gme AwfÁZv Kxfv‡e Kvh©Kifv‡e msMwVZ Kiv hv‡e?

• D‡Ïk¨vewj AwR©Z n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv Kxf‡e wba©viY Kiv hv‡e?

 ivd UvBjvi (1949) wk¶vµg Dbœqb g‡Wj Pvi avc wewkót

• j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ welqe¯‘ wkLb AwfÁZvi msMVb g~j¨vqb D‡Ïk¨ wbY©‡qi ci welqe¯‘ wba©viY Kiv, wbe©vwPZ welqe¯‘i gva¨‡g D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ welqe¯‘‡K msMVb Kiv Ges me‡k‡l g~j¨vqb K‡i †`Lv D‡Ïk¨vewj KZUv AwR©Z n‡q‡Q| Zuvi g‡Z wewfbœ Dr†mi Dci wfwË K‡i D‡Ïk¨ wbY©‡qi gva¨‡g wk¶vµg Dbœqb cÖwµqv Avi¤¢ Ges g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g Zvi mgvwß nq| UvBjvi mycvwik K‡ib †h, wkÿvµg cwiKíbvKvixMY wZbwU Drm †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i mvaviY D‡Ïk¨vewj wba©viY Ki‡eb:

 • wkÿv_x©

• we`¨vj‡qi evB‡i mgKvjxb Rxeb

• welqe¯‘ AvcvZZ w¯’iwK…Z mvaviY D‡Ïk¨vewj `yÕai‡bi wePvi-we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cwigvwR©Z n‡e: • `vk©wbK wPšÍv-fvebv • gb¯ÍvwË¡K wPšÍv-fvebv wnj`v Zvevi g‡Wj (Hilda Taba’s model) wnj`v Zvev 1962 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ Curriculum Development: Theory and Practice - G wkÿvµg cÖYq‡bi Av‡iKwU †KŠkj cÖ¯Íve K‡ib: wZwb hyw³ †`Lvb †h, wkÿvµg ˆZwi‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó µg (avivevwnKZv) _vK‡e| wZwb wek¦vm K‡ib †h, wkÿvµg hviv wkÿv †`b Zv‡`i wkÿvµg Dbœqb cÖwµqvq mshy³ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb hv Grass-roots approach Gi aviYv cÖ`vb K‡i| Zuvi GB Grass-roots g‡Wj mvZ av‡c wkÿvµg Dbœq‡bi w`K-wb‡`©kbv †`q:

avc-

1t Pvwn`v wbiƒcY avc

2t D‡Ïk¨ cÖYqb avc

3t welqe¯‘ wbe©vPb avc

4t welqe¯‘ web¨vm avc

5t wkLb AwfÁZv wbe©vPb avc

6t wkLb AwfÁZv web¨vm

avc-7t g~j¨vqb avc

 8: fvimvg¨ LuywZ‡q †`Lv

• Pvwn`v wbiƒcYt wk¶vµg cÖYq‡b eZ©gvb Pvwn`vi †cÖ¶vc‡U cÖPwjZ wk¶vµg KZUzKz c~iY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q Zv hyw³wm× ch©‡e¶Y I j¶¨ `‡ji Pvwn`v AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z nq|

 • D‡Ïk¨ wbiƒcYt my¯úó I e¨vcK D‡Ïk¨mg~n wbiƒcY Ki‡Z n‡e|

 • welqe¯‘ wbe©vPb I web¨vmt D‡Ï‡k¨i Dci wfwË K‡i welqe¯‘ wbe©vPb I web¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ¸iæZ¡, h_v_©Zv I avivevwnKZv _vK‡Z n‡e|

 • wkLb AwfÁZv wbe©vPb I web¨vmt welqe¯‘i aviYv‡K wk¶v_x©‡`i wbKU my¯úó K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ wkLb AwfÁZv wbe©vPb I web¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e|

 • g~j¨vqbt me©‡kl av‡c g~j¨vq‡bi cwiKíbv _vK‡e| g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkLb D‡Ïk¨ KZUv AR©b Kiv †Mj Zv h_v_© cwigvc Kiv n‡e|

 • fvimvg¨ weavb: D‡Ïk¨, wkLbdj I gyj¨vqb †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weavb n‡q‡Q wK bv Zv LuywU‡q †`Lv|

 UvBjvi I Zvevi wk¶vµg g‡Wj `yÕwU‡Z g~j¨vqb †kl av‡c Av‡Q| Z‡e cÖ_g av‡c D‡Ïk¨ I Pvwn`v mbv³Ki‡Yi mv‡_ mv‡_ g~j¨vq‡bi KvRI ïiæ Kiv Ges cÖwZwU av‡cB g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb| Zvev g‡W‡ji cÖ‡qvM eZ©gv‡b AwaKvsk wkÿvµg Dbœq‡b wnj`v Zvevi g‡Wj e¨eüZ nq| GLbI wb‡Pi avcmg~n e¨eüZ nq:

 • wkÿv_©x‡`i Pvwn`v wbiƒcY

• D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY

 • wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kjv-‡KŠkj wbe©vPb

• wkLb AwfÁZvi msMVb

• g~j¨vqb e„ËvKvi g‡Wj (Cyclical Models)

• wkÿvµg Dbœq‡bi e„ËvKvi g‡Wj wkÿvµ‡gi Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z I ci¯úi-wbf©ikxi wn‡m‡e †`‡L|

  1970 Gi `k‡K e„ËvKvi g‡W‡ji wkÿvµg cÖwµqvq Ócwiw¯’wZ we‡kølYÓ (situation analysis) bv‡g GKwU bZyb Dcv`vb hy³ nq| ûBjvi g‡Wj (D.K. Wheeler Model)I‡q÷vb© A‡óªwjqv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GKRb cÖv³b m`m¨ wW.†K. ûBjvi (D. K. Wheeler) UvBjvi Ges we‡kl K‡i wnj`v Zvevi aviYvi Dbœqb I m¤úªmviY K‡ib| ûBjvi (1967) GB e„ËvKvi g‡WjwU cÖ`vb K‡ib| • wZwb wkÿvµg Dbœqb cÖwµqvi cvuPwU ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z ch©v‡qi K_v e‡jb †h¸‡jv †hŠw³Kfv‡e GKwU djcÖm~ wkÿvµg ‰Zwi Ki‡e| • cÖ_g av‡c wk¶v I wk¶vµ‡gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z nq; • wØZxq av‡c wkLb AwfÁZvmg~n wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq; • Z…Zxq av‡c welqe¯‘ kbv³/wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq; • PZz_© av‡c wkLb AwfÁZv I welqe¯‘ GKwU bxwZ Abymi‡Y web¨¯Í Ki‡Z nq; • cÂg av‡c mvgwMÖK PµwU g~j¨vqb K‡i †`Lv nq cÖwZwU avc mwVKfv‡e cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q wKbv| hw` †Kvbiƒc µwU aiv c‡o Z‡e cybivq mgMÖ PµwU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| ûBjviB me©cÖ_g wk¶vµg Dbœqb cÖwµqv‡K avivevwnK iƒc `vb K‡ib| ûBjvi (D.K. Wheeler Model) , Nicholls & Nicholls Model nvIqvW© wbKjm Zvu‡`i Developing a Curriculum: A Practical Guide (1978) kxl©K MÖ‡š’ GKwU †mvRv-mvÞv e„ËvKvi g‡Wj Dc¯’vcb K‡ib hv wkÿvµ‡gi Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K ms‡ÿ‡c A_P ¯úófv‡e aviY K‡i| wbKjm g‡W‡j wk¶vµg Dbœq‡b ev¯Íe Ae¯’v we‡køl‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q| Zvuiv hyw³ †`Lvb †h, ÓcwieZ©bmg~n GKwU hyw³m½Z cÖwµqv Abymv‡i †hŠw³K I ˆea wfwËi Dci cwiKwíZ I cÖewZ©Z nIqv evÃbxq|Ó (wbKjm GÛ wbKjm, 1978: 17) wbKjm g‡WjwU cuvPwU Dcv`vb wewkó GKwU e„ËvKvi g‡Wjt G¸‡jv n‡jvt • ev¯Íe Ae¯’v we‡kølY • D‡Ïk¨ wbe©vPb • welqe¯‘ wbe©vPb • c×wZ wbe©vPb I msMVb • g~j¨vqb ev¯Íe Ae¯’v we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖvß †eBRjvBb WvUv wn‡m‡e wk¶vµ‡gi ev¯ÍewfwËK D‡Ïk¨ wba©vi‡Yi KvR‡K mnR K‡i †`q| ¯‹z‡ji Pvwn`v gvwdK, ev¯Íevqb‡hvM¨ wk¶vµg cÖYq‡b e„ËvKvi g‡W‡ji e¨enviI A‡b‡K mnR g‡b K‡ib| e„ËvKvi g‡W‡ji mej w`K ➢ ‡hŠw³K µgwfwËK KvVv‡gv ➢ cwiw¯’wZ we‡køli w`‡q hvÎv ïiæ ➢ g‡WjwU bgbxq ➢ Kg Abo, AwaKZi cÖvmw½K| e„ËvKvi g‡W‡ji `ye©j w`K ➢ ‡hŠw³K I µgwfwËK cÖK…wZ ➢ GKwU †gŠwjK Amyweav GB †h, Kvh©Ki cwiw¯’wZ we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ e¨vcKZi mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb| †mji I Av‡jKRvÛvi g‡Wj Mv‡jb †mji I DBwjqvg Av‡jKRvÛvi (1974) wkÿvµg Dbœqb‡K PviwU av‡ci mgwó wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib| G¸‡jv n‡jv: • jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ I †ÿÎ wba©viY (Goals, objectives and Domains) • wkÿvµ‡gi iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb (Curriculum Designing) • wkÿvµg ev¯Íevqb (Curriculum Implementation) • wkÿvµg g~j¨vqb (Curriculum Evaluation) jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ I †ÿÎ wba©viY (Goals, objectives and Domains) GB g‡Wj wb‡`©k K‡i †h, wkÿvµg cwiKíbvwe`MY cÖavb cÖavb jÿ¨ I mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ †h¸‡jv AR©b Kiv‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv wba©vi‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿvµg Dbœq‡bi KvR ïiæ Ki‡eb| cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖavb jÿ¨ GKwU wkÿvµg †ÿÎ cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Ges Zvuiv PviwU cÖavb jÿ¨ ev †ÿ†Îi K_v e‡jb: • e¨w³MZ Dbœqb • gvbe m¤úK© • avivevwnK wkLb `ÿZv I • we‡klvwqZ Ávb GB jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ I †ÿÎ KZK¸‡jv evwn¨K PjK †hgb wkÿvg~jK M‡elYvi djvdj, Aby‡gvw`Z gvb`Û, mgvR I Ab¨v‡b¨i gZvg‡Zi Av‡jv‡K mZK©Zvi mv‡_ ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wbe©vPb Kiv nq| wkÿvµ‡gi iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb (Curriculum Designing) jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨ I †ÿÎ wba©vwiZ nIqvi ci wkÿvµg cwiKíbvwe‡`iv wkÿvµ‡gi iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb cÖwµqvq AMÖmi n‡eb| G ch©v‡q cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Îi Rb¨ h_vh_ wkLb my‡hv‡Mi Ges Zv KLb I wKfv‡e ‡`Iqv n‡e †m wel‡qi Dci wm×všÍ nq| wkÿvµgwU wK GKv‡WwgK welqwfwËKfv‡e cÖYxZ n‡e bvwK Zv wkÿv_x©‡`i Pvwn`v I AvMÖ‡ni Av‡jv‡K ˆZwi n‡e A_ev †mwU w_gwfwËK n‡e? G¸‡jv KZK¸‡jv cÖkœ hvi DËi wkÿvµg Dbœqb cÖwµqvi GB ch©v‡q ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq| 3. wkÿvµg ev¯Íevqb ( Curriculum Implementation) wkÿvµg Dbœqb cÖwµqvi cieZx© avc wkÿKMY KZ…©K iƒc‡iLv ev¯Íevqb| wkÿvµg cwiKíbvi iƒc‡iLvi Av‡jv‡K wkÿKMY wb‡`©kbvg~jK D‡‡Ïk¨vewj wbw`©ó Ki‡eb Ges †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_x©iv hv‡Z cÖZ¨vwkZ wkLbdj AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib †mRb¨ cÖvmw½K wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kjv-‡KŠkj wba©viY Ki‡eb| 4. g~j¨vqb (Evaluation) P‚ovšÍ c‡e©, wkÿvµg cwiKíbvwe` I wkÿKe„›` g~j¨vq‡b wb‡qvwRZ n‡eb| GB g‡Wj cÖ¯Íve K‡i †h, bvbv ai‡bi †KŠkj e¨envi K‡i g~j¨vqb n‡e me©vZ¥K| g~j¨vq†bi AšÍf©y³ n‡e we`¨vj‡qi mg¯Í wkÿvgyjK Kvh©µg I wkÿvµg cwiKíbv, wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi djcÖm~Zv I wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLb AR©b| GB g~j¨vqb cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿvµg cwiKíbvwe` I DbœqbKvixMY wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib we`¨vj‡qi jÿ¨ I wkLb ‡kLv‡bvi D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡q‡Q wK ?